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Age
Bone density naturally decreases as we age, especially in women over 50 and men over 70.
Gender
Women are at a higher risk of osteoporosis, particularly after menopause, due to lower estrogen levels.
Family History
A family history of osteoporosis or fractures significantly increases the likelihood of bone loss.
Early Menopause
Women who experience menopause before age 45 face accelerated bone loss due to a sudden drop in estrogen.
Hormonal Imbalances
Conditions such as hyperthyroidism or hyperparathyroidism can disrupt the hormones necessary for maintaining healthy bones.
Body Frame Size
Individuals with smaller body frames or lower body weight have less bone mass to begin with, making them more vulnerable to bone loss.
Low Sex Hormones
Decreased levels of estrogen in women and testosterone in men weaken bone density over time.
Nutritional Deficiencies
Low calcium and vitamin D levels, as well as poor overall nutrition, impede bone formation and maintenance.
Sedentary Lifestyle
A lack of physical activity, particularly osteogenic loading, weight-bearing or resistance exercises, leads to weaker bones.
Eating Disorders
Conditions like anorexia nervosa and significant weight loss reduce the nutrients needed for healthy bones.
Excessive Alcohol Consumption
Drinking heavily interferes with calcium balance, reducing bone strength.
Smoking
Tobacco use reduces bone mineral density and slows the healing process after fractures.
Medications
Long-term use of certain medications, such as corticosteroids, anticonvulsants, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and some cancer treatments, can decrease bone density.
Chronic Medical Conditions
Diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, and chronic kidney disease are linked to bone weakening.
History of Fractures
Individuals with a prior history of fractures or bone breaks are at greater risk of future fractures.
Excessive Caffeine
High caffeine intake can interfere with calcium absorption, contributing to weaker bones.
Low Body Weight
Having a low BMI or experiencing significant weight loss increases susceptibility to bone fragility.
Vitamin D Deficiency
Without sufficient vitamin D, the body cannot absorb calcium effectively, leading to weaker bones.
Prolonged Immobility
Extended periods of bed rest or lack of movement reduce bone strength and density.
Stress and Cortisol Levels
Chronic stress elevates cortisol levels, which can disrupt bone remodeling and contribute to bone loss.
Why Addressing These Factors is Vital
Understanding these risk factors empowers you to take proactive steps toward better bone health. From making lifestyle changes to addressing medical concerns, early detection and consistent monitoring, such as REMS scans, are key to maintaining strong, healthy bones and preventing fractures.